Astro2020 directed NASA to undertake a flagship-class ($3-$5B USD) far-IR observatory to pursue the science goals outlined by the Origins space telescope concept study, with support drawn from a new Great Observatories Mission and Technology Maturation Program, Astro2020’s top recommendation for space.
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Preparatory work towards a next-generation very large array (ngVLA) was also recommended, a radio interferometer that would reach wavelengths as short as 3~mm. recommended that NSF and DOE proceed with construction of CMB Stage 4 (CMB-S4), an observatory with telescopes at the South Pole and in Chile, and expressed excitement about the expansion of the science case beyond CMB to include time-domain and transient studies. The recently released Astro2020 Decadal Survey in the U.S. In 2019, the LiteBIRD CMB polarization satellite was selected by JAXA for launch in 2028. At longer millimeter wavelengths the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect (SZE) provide remarkably powerful tools for probing the history of the universe and determining its large-scale structure and mass/energy content.Īs exemplified by the ALMA interferometer, which is now arguably the most productive ground-based observatory in the world, astrophysics at millimeter through far-infrared wavelengths has become a mainstream endeavor.
Observations of cold gas and dust uniquely probe the earliest stages in the formation of galaxies, stars, and planets, with, for example, the blackbody emission of a 10 K source (or a 40 K source at redshift z~3) peaking at around a wavelength of 300 µm. The far-infrared (far-IR) to the millimeter region of the electromagnetic spectrum contains a wealth of information about the Universe at early epochs.
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